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C Programming tutorial C - Constants & Literals

C - Constants & Literals

Constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during its execution. These fixed values are also called literals.

Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant, a character constant, or a string literal. There are enumeration constants as well.

Constants are treated just like regular variables except that their values cannot be modified after their definition.

        Integer Literals

An integer literal can be a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal constant. A prefix specifies the base or radix: 0x or 0X for hexadecimal, 0 for octal, and nothing for decimal.

An integer literal can also have a suffix that is a combination of U and L, for unsigned and long, respectively. The suffix can be uppercase or lowercase and can be in any order.

Here are some examples of integer literals −

212         /* Legal */
215u        /* Legal */
0xFeeL      /* Legal */
078         /* Illegal: 8 is not an octal digit */
032UU       /* Illegal: cannot repeat a suffix */

Following are other examples of various types of integer literals −

85         /* decimal */
0213       /* octal */
0x4b       /* hexadecimal */
30         /* int */
30u        /* unsigned int */
30l        /* long */
30ul       /* unsigned long */

       Floating-point Literals

A floating-point literal has an integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part, and an exponent part. You can represent floating point literals either in decimal form or exponential form.

While representing decimal form, you must include the decimal point, the exponent, or both; and while representing exponential form, you must include the integer part, the fractional part, or both. The signed exponent is introduced by e or E.

Here are some examples of floating-point literals −

3.14159       /* Legal */
314159E-5L    /* Legal */
510E          /* Illegal: incomplete exponent */
210f          /* Illegal: no decimal or exponent */
.e55          /* Illegal: missing integer or fraction */

        Character Constants

Character literals are enclosed in single quotes, e.g., 'x' can be stored in a simple variable of char type.

A character literal can be a plain character (e.g., 'x'), an escape sequence (e.g., '\t'), or a universal character (e.g., '\u02C0').

There are certain characters in C that represent special meaning when preceded by a backslash for example, newline (\n) or tab (\t).

Here, you have a list of such escape sequence codes −

Following is the example to show a few escape sequence characters −

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

   printf("Hello\tWorld\n\n");

   return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

Hello World

       String Literals

String literals or constants are enclosed in double quotes "". A string contains characters that are similar to character literals: plain characters, escape sequences, and universal characters.

You can break a long line into multiple lines using string literals and separating them using white spaces.

Here are some examples of string literals. All the three forms are identical strings.

"hello, dear"

"hello, \

dear"

"hello, " "d" "ear"

      Defining Constants

There are two simple ways in C to define constants −

• Using #define preprocessor.
• Using const keyword.

      The #define Preprocessor

Given below is the form to use #define preprocessor to define a constant −

#define identifier value

The following example explains it in detail −

#include <stdio.h>

#define LENGTH 10   
#define WIDTH  5
#define NEWLINE '\n'

int main() {

   int area;  
  
   area = LENGTH * WIDTH;
   printf("value of area : %d", area);
   printf("%c", NEWLINE);

   return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

value of area : 50

    The const Keyword

You can use const prefix to declare constants with a specific type as follows −

const type variable = value;

The following example explains it in detail −

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

   const int  LENGTH = 10;
   const int  WIDTH = 5;
   const char NEWLINE = '\n';
   int area;  
   
   area = LENGTH * WIDTH;
   printf("value of area : %d", area);
   printf("%c", NEWLINE);

   return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

value of area : 50

Note that it is a good programming practice to define constants in CAPITALS.

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C Programming Tutorial Programming Language C Environment Setup

C Programming Tutorial  Programming Language C 

Environment Setup Part-2

C - Environment Setup

    Try it Option Online

We have set up the C Programming environment on-line, so that you can compile and execute all the available examples on line. It gives you confidence in what you are reading and enables you to verify the programs with different options. Feel free to modify any example and execute it on-line.

Try the following example using our on-line compiler available atCodingGround.

#include <stdio.h>






int main() {

   /* my first program in C */






   printf("Hello, World! \n");



   return 0;

}

For most of the examples given in this tutorial, you will find a Try it option in our website code sections at the top right corner that will take you to the online compiler. So just make use of it and enjoy your learning.

     Local Environment Setup

If you want to set up your environment for C programming language, you need the following two software tools available on your computer, (a) Text Editor and (b) The C Compiler.

      Text Editor

This will be used to type your program. Examples of few a editors include Windows Notepad, OS Edit command, Brief, Epsilon, EMACS, and vim or vi.

The name and version of text editors can vary on different operating systems. For example, Notepad will be used on Windows, and vim or vi can be used on windows as well as on Linux or UNIX.

The files you create with your editor are called the source files and they contain the program source codes. The source files for C programs are typically named with the extension ".c".

Before starting your programming, make sure you have one text editor in place and you have enough experience to write a computer program, save it in a file, compile it and finally execute it.

      The C Compiler

The source code written in source file is the human readable source for your program. It needs to be "compiled", into machine language so that your CPU can actually execute the program as per the instructions given.

The compiler compiles the source codes into final executable programs. The most frequently used and free available compiler is the GNU C/C++ compiler, otherwise you can have compilers either from HP or Solaris if you have the respective operating systems.

The following section explains how to install GNU C/C++ compiler on various OS. We keep mentioning C/C++ together because GNU gcc compiler works for both C and C++ programming languages.

      Installation on UNIX/Linux

If you are using Linux or UNIX, then check whether GCC is installed on your system by entering the following command from the command line −

$ gcc -v

If you have GNU compiler installed on your machine, then it should print a message as follows −

Using built-in specs.

Target: i386-redhat-linux

Configured with: ../configure --prefix=/usr .......

Thread model: posix

gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-46)

If GCC is not installed, then you will have to install it yourself using the detailed instructions available at http://gcc.gnu.org/install/

This tutorial has been written based on Linux and all the given examples have been compiled on the Cent OS flavor of the Linux system.

     Installation on Mac OS

If you use Mac OS X, the easiest way to obtain GCC is to download the Xcode development environment from Apple's web site and follow the simple installation instructions. Once you have Xcode setup, you will be able to use GNU compiler for C/C++.

Xcode is currently available at developer.apple.com/technologies/tools/.

      Installation on Windows

To install GCC on Windows, you need to install MinGW. To install MinGW, go to the MinGW homepage, www.mingw.org, and follow the link to the MinGW download page. Download the latest version of the MinGW installation program, which should be named MinGW-<version>.exe.

While installing Min GW, at a minimum, you must install gcc-core, gcc-g++, binutils, and the MinGW runtime, but you may wish to install more.

Add the bin subdirectory of your MinGW installation to your PATH environment variable, so that you can specify these tools on the command line by their simple names.

After the installation is complete, you will be able to run gcc, g++, ar, ranlib, dlltool, and several other GNU tools from the Windows command line.

Try it Option Online

We have set up the C Programming environment on-line, so that you can compile and execute all the available examples on line. It gives you confidence in what you are reading and enables you to verify the programs with different options. Feel free to modify any example and execute it on-line.

Try the following example using our on-line compiler available atCodingGround.

#include <stdio.h>






int main() {

   /* my first program in C */






   printf("Hello, World! \n");



   return 0;

}

For most of the examples given in this tutorial, you will find a Try it option in our website code sections at the top right corner that will take you to the online compiler. So just make use of it and enjoy your learning.

     Local Environment Setup

If you want to set up your environment for C programming language, you need the following two software tools available on your computer, (a) Text Editor and (b) The C Compiler.

     Text Editor

This will be used to type your program. Examples of few a editors include Windows Notepad, OS Edit command, Brief, Epsilon, EMACS, and vim or vi.

The name and version of text editors can vary on different operating systems. For example, Notepad will be used on Windows, and vim or vi can be used on windows as well as on Linux or UNIX.

The files you create with your editor are called the source files and they contain the program source codes. The source files for C programs are typically named with the extension ".c".

Before starting your programming, make sure you have one text editor in place and you have enough experience to write a computer program, save it in a file, compile it and finally execute it.

      The C Compiler

The source code written in source file is the human readable source for your program. It needs to be "compiled", into machine language so that your CPU can actually execute the program as per the instructions given.

The compiler compiles the source codes into final executable programs. The most frequently used and free available compiler is the GNU C/C++ compiler, otherwise you can have compilers either from HP or Solaris if you have the respective operating systems.

The following section explains how to install GNU C/C++ compiler on various OS. We keep mentioning C/C++ together because GNU gcc compiler works for both C and C++ programming languages.

     Installation on UNIX/Linux

If you are using Linux or UNIX, then check whether GCC is installed on your system by entering the following command from the command line −

$ gcc -v

If you have GNU compiler installed on your machine, then it should print a message as follows −

Using built-in specs.

Target: i386-redhat-linux

Configured with: ../configure --prefix=/usr .......

Thread model: posix

gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-46)

If GCC is not installed, then you will have to install it yourself using the detailed instructions available at http://gcc.gnu.org/install/

      Related Content: C Programming Tutorial Programming Language C Overview

This tutorial has been written based on Linux and all the given examples have been compiled on the Cent OS flavor of the Linux system.

     Installation on Mac OS

If you use Mac OS X, the easiest way to obtain GCC is to download the Xcode development environment from Apple's web site and follow the simple installation instructions. Once you have Xcode setup, you will be able to use GNU compiler for C/C++.

Xcode is currently available at developer.apple.com/technologies/tools/.

     Installation on Windows

To install GCC on Windows, you need to install MinGW. To install MinGW, go to the MinGW homepage, www.mingw.org, and follow the link to the MinGW download page. Download the latest version of the MinGW installation program, which should be named MinGW-<version>.exe.

While installing Min GW, at a minimum, you must install gcc-core, gcc-g++, binutils, and the MinGW runtime, but you may wish to install more.

Add the bin subdirectory of your MinGW installation to your PATH environment variable, so that you can specify these tools on the command line by their simple names.

After the installation is complete, you will be able to run gcc, g++, ar, ranlib, dlltool, and several other GNU tools from the Windows command line.

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Windows 10 problem and solution don't work current all software installed windows 10 don't worry Try this method

Windows 10 ইনস্টল দিয়েছেন সব সফটওয়ার কাজ করছে না? সমাধান নিনএখই। 

Windows 10 problem and solution, Don't working current a software installed in your computer, when you install windows 10 don't worry Try this method  

মাত্র অল্পদিনের মধ্যেই উইন্ডোজ ১০ বেশ জজনপ্রিয়তা অর্জন করে ফেলেছে। কিন্তু এটি ব্যবহার করতে গিয়ে কিছু সমস্যার  সম্মুখীন হতে হয়। উইন্ডোজ ৭ বা ৮ অপারেটিং সিস্টেম হালনাগাদ করে কম্পিউটারে উইন্ডোজ ১০ ব্যবহার করা যাচ্ছে। উইন্ডোজ ৭ ও ৮-এর কোনো প্রোগ্রাম উইন্ডোজ ১০-এ নাও চলতে পারে।

showing the message of your installed old software  don't comfortable this software version. And This software couldn't comfortable for this Operating system. But are you know that this solution have to in the  windows 10 os  system. Follow the step and Picture

আগে ব্যবহৃত প্রোগ্রাম চালাতে গেলে This program doesn’t run on Windows 10 বার্তা দেখায় মাঝে মাঝে। আবার কখনো বলে এই সফটওয়্যারটি আপনার অপারেটিং সিস্টেমের উপযোগী নয়। ঘাবড়াবেন না ! কারণ উইন্ডোজ দশেই আছে এর সঠিক সমাধান।

যা করবেন

আগে নিশ্চিত হতে হবে আপনার কম্পিউটারের উইন্ডোজ হালানাগাদ করা কিনা। কম্পিউটারে ব্যবহৃত সব যন্ত্রাংশের চালক সফটওয়্যার (ড্রাইভার) ইনস্টল করা আছে কি না। অবশ্যই যে প্রোগ্রাম চালাবেন সেটি হালনাগাদ কিনা দেখে নিন।

অ্যাডমিন হয়ে চালু করুন

যে প্রোগ্রাম বা সফটওয়্যার চলে না, C:/ ড্রাইভে গিয়ে সেই প্রোগ্রামের চালক ফাইলে (*.exe) ডান ক্লিক করে Run as administrator নির্বাচন করে খুলুন। যদি সেই প্রোগ্রামের অন্য কোনো সমস্যা না থাকে, তবে সেটি চলবে। না হলে পরের ধাপ অনুসরণ করুন।

1st method. now try to run your software Run as administrator. Go to your software and other exe file here the application run file.right  click application ( Example.exe) Run this software Run as administrator. But don't work the 1st method try 2nd method.

কম্প্যাটিবিলিটি মোড আগের উইন্ডোজে ব্যবহৃত প্রোগ্রাম যাতে পরের উইন্ডোজে সাবলীলভাবে চলতে পারে, সে জন্য মাইক্রোসফট উইন্ডোজ এক্সপি থেকে পরবর্তী সব সংস্করণের জন্য কম্প্যাটিবিলিটি মোড সুবিধা রেখেছে। এখন যে প্রোগ্রাম চলে না, C:/ ড্রাইভে গিয়ে সেই প্রোগ্রামের মূল ফাইলের *.exe ফাইলে ডান ক্লিক করুন। এখানকার কনটেক্স মেনু থেকে Properties-এ ক্লিক করুন। Compatibility ট্যাবের Compatibility mode-এ থাকা Run this program in compatibility mode-এর পাশে টিক চিহ্ন দিন।

Go to your software exe file and right click your software exe file then properties click properties 
and go to comparability tab click the check box [ Run this program in comparability mode for . Below the drop down menu select your Operating system and Apply then ok Double click your software or game exe file run this software easily  

তালিকা থেকে Windows 8 বা Windows 7 নির্বাচন করুন। Apply- এ ক্লিক করে OK করে বের হয়ে আসুন। এবার সেই প্রোগ্রাম আবার দুই ক্লিক করে চালু করে দেখুন। কাজ হয়ে যাবে।

কম্প্যাটিবিলিটি ট্রাবলশুটার

কম্প্যাটিবিলিটি ট্রাবলশুটার ব্যবহার করেও চালু না হওয়া প্রোগ্রাম চালু করা যায়। আগের মতোই সি ড্রাইভের যেখানে প্রোগ্রাম ইনস্টল করা আছে সেই সমস্যাযুক্ত প্রোগ্রামের .exe ফাইলে ডান ক্লিক করে Troubleshoot compatibility নির্বাচন করে খুলুন। সমস্যা চিহ্নিত করার জন্য

কিছুক্ষণ সময় নেবে। এরপর একে একে পরবর্তী ধাপগুলো অনুসরণ করে চালু না হওয়া প্রোগ্রামকেও চালু করা যাবে।

তার পর ও যদি সফটওয়্যারটি না চলে তাহলে আপনার অপারেটিং সিস্টেম বিট সাপোর্ট করে নাই। 

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